Mag. Christian Gold, PhD
Christian Gold

My scientific work is about connecting randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and social/cognitive/affective neuroscience to understand how cultural activities such as music can be used to promote health. My current research can be described as translational, in several ways: translating between basic and applied research; between clinical and statistical thinking; between languages and cultures.
I spent the first decade of my career with music and music therapy; the second with clinical trials and biostatistics; and the third with neuroscience. I moved from Germany to Vienna to study music; then went to Scandinavia to conduct clinical research with direct societal relevance; and then connected back to Central Europe to integrate aspects of basic research. My PhD, a large non-randomised study, taught me the importance of large samples and of randomisation. Over the years, I have conducted or contributed to RCTs across many countries (Argentina, Australia, Austria, Brazil, China, Columbia, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Israel, Italy, Korea, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Turkey, UK, USA). Randomisation is the best way to separate cause and effect, but while large, simple RCTs can provide definite answers to simple questions, we also need to find ways to address the fact that complex interventions are always changing. Therefore, I am very interested in RCT designs that go beyond the traditional simple trial design – biomarkers, adaptive designs, flexible manuals – while also recognising that each adaptation adds complexity.

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Bieleninik Ł, Kvestad I, Gold C, Stordal AS, Assmus J, Arnon S et al. Music Therapy in Infancy and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Preterm Children: A Secondary Analysis of the LongSTEP Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Network Open. 2024 May 16;7(5):E2410721. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.10721

Bauer-Rusek S, Shalit S, Yakobson D, Levkovitz O, Ghetti C, Gold C et al. Music therapy and weight gain in preterm infants: Secondary analysis of the randomized controlled LongSTEP trial. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2024 Jan;78(1):113-121. doi: 10.1002/jpn3.12061


Ghetti CM, Gaden TS, Bieleninik Ł, Kvestad I, Assmus J, Stordal AS et al. Effect of Music Therapy on Parent-Infant Bonding Among Infants Born Preterm: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Network Open. 2023 May 26;6(5):E2315750. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.15750



Gaden TS, Gold C, Assmus J, Kvestad I, Stordal AS, Bieleninik Ł et al. Treatment fidelity in a pragmatic clinical trial of music therapy for premature infants and their parents: the LongSTEP study. Trials. 2023 Mar 3;24(1):160. doi: 10.1186/s13063-022-06971-w

Hartmann M, Mavrolampados A, Toiviainen P, Saarikallio S, Foubert K, Brabant O et al. Musical interaction in music therapy for depression treatment. Psychology of music. 2023 Jan;51(1):33-50. Epub 2022 Apr 9. doi: 10.1177/03057356221084368

Ruiz M, Groessing A, Guran CNA, Kocan AU, Mikus N, Nater UM et al. Music for autism: a protocol for an international randomized crossover trial on music therapy for children with autism. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2023;14:1256771. Epub 2023 Oct 2. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1256771



Grau-Sánchez J, Jamey K, Paraskevopoulos E, Dalla Bella S, Gold C, Schlaug G et al. Putting music to trial: Consensus on key methodological challenges investigating music-based rehabilitation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2022 Dec;1518(1):12-24. Epub 2022 Sept 30. doi: 10.1111/nyas.14892


Geretsegger M, Fusar-Poli L, Elefant C, Mössler KA, Vitale G, Gold C. Music therapy for autistic people. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2022 May 9;2022(5):CD004381. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004381.pub4

Ghetti C, Chen XJ, Brenner AK, Hakvoort LG, Lien L, Fachner J et al. Music therapy for people with substance use disorders. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2022 May 9;2022(5):012576. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012576.pub3


Baker FA, Lee YEC, Sousa TV, Stretton-Smith PA, Tamplin J, Sveinsdottir V et al. Clinical effectiveness of music interventions for dementia and depression in elderly care (MIDDEL): Australian cohort of an international pragmatic cluster-randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. Healthy Longevity. 2022 Mar;3(3):e153-e165. doi: 10.1016/S2666-7568(22)00027-7

Gaden TS, Ghetti C, Kvestad I, Bieleninik Ł, Stordal AS, Assmus J et al. Short-term Music Therapy for Families With Preterm Infants: A Randomized Trial. Pediatrics (English Edition). 2022 Feb 1;149(2):e2021052797. doi: 10.1542/peds.2021-052797


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Department of Clinical and Health Psychology

Liebiggasse 5
1010 Wien
Room: O1.26

christian.gold@univie.ac.at