My scientific work is about connecting randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and social/cognitive/affective neuroscience to understand how cultural activities such as music can be used to promote health. My current research can be described as translational, in several ways: translating between basic and applied research; between clinical and statistical thinking; between languages and cultures.
I spent the first decade of my career with music and music therapy; the second with clinical trials and biostatistics; and the third with neuroscience. I moved from Germany to Vienna to study music; then went to Scandinavia to conduct clinical research with direct societal relevance; and then connected back to Central Europe to integrate aspects of basic research. My PhD, a large non-randomised study, taught me the importance of large samples and of randomisation. Over the years, I have conducted or contributed to RCTs across many countries (Argentina, Australia, Austria, Brazil, China, Columbia, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Israel, Italy, Korea, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Turkey, UK, USA). Randomisation is the best way to separate cause and effect, but while large, simple RCTs can provide definite answers to simple questions, we also need to find ways to address the fact that complex interventions are always changing. Therefore, I am very interested in RCT designs that go beyond the traditional simple trial design – biomarkers, adaptive designs, flexible manuals – while also recognising that each adaptation adds complexity.
Mag. Christian Gold, PhD
Summer term 2023
Winter term 2022
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Hartmann M, Mavrolampados A, Toiviainen P, Saarikallio S, Foubert K, Brabant O et al. Musical interaction in music therapy for depression treatment. Psychology of music. 2023 Jan;51(1):33-50. Epub 2022 Apr 9. doi: 10.1177/03057356221084368
Ruiz M, Groessing A, Guran C-NA, Kocan AU, Mikus N, Nater UM et al. Music for autism: a protocol for an international randomized crossover trial on music therapy for children with autism. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2023;14:1256771. Epub 2023 Oct 2. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1256771
Gottfried T, Elefant C, Gold C. Music-oriented parent counseling to promote improvement in level of parental stress, quality of life and the use of music in everyday life among parents of children with autism: A mixed-methods randomized controlled study. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy. 2023;32(5):397-422. Epub 2022 Nov 3. doi: 10.1080/08098131.2022.2131890
Lee YEC, Sousa TV, Stretton-Smith PA, Gold C, Geretsegger M, Baker FA. Demographic and clinical profile of residents living with dementia and depressive symptoms in Australian private residential aged care: Data from the Music Interventions for Dementia and Depression in ELderly care (MIDDEL) cluster-randomised controlled trial. Australasian Journal on Ageing. 2022 Dec;41(4):e387-e396. Epub 2022 Jul 8. doi: 10.1111/ajag.13104
Grau-Sánchez J, Jamey K, Paraskevopoulos E, Dalla Bella S, Gold C, Schlaug G et al. Putting music to trial: Consensus on key methodological challenges investigating music-based rehabilitation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2022 Dec;1518(1):12-24. Epub 2022 Sep 30. doi: 10.1111/nyas.14892
Flo BK, Matziorinis AM, Skouras S, Sudmann TT, Gold C, Koelsch S. Study protocol for the Alzheimer and music therapy study: An RCT to compare the efficacy of music therapy and physical activity on brain plasticity, depressive symptoms, and cognitive decline, in a population with and at risk for Alzheimer's disease. PLoS ONE. 2022 Jun 30;17(6):e0270682. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270682
Geretsegger M, Fusar-Poli L, Elefant C, Mössler KA, Vitale G, Gold C. Music therapy for autistic people. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2022 May 9;2022(5):004381. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004381.pub4
Ghetti C, Chen XJ, Brenner AK, Hakvoort LG, Lien L, Fachner J et al. Music therapy for people with substance use disorders. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2022 May 9;2022(5):012576. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012576.pub3
Rasing NL, Janus SIM, Kreutz G, Sveinsdottir V, Gold C, Nater UM et al. The Impact of Music on Stress Biomarkers: Protocol of a Substudy of the Cluster‐Randomized Controlled Trial Music Interventions for Dementia and Depression in ELderly Care (MIDDEL). Brain Sciences. 2022 Apr 8;12(4):485. doi: 10.3390/brainsci12040485
Baker FA, Lee YEC, Sousa TV, Stretton-Smith PA, Tamplin J, Sveinsdottir V et al. Clinical effectiveness of music interventions for dementia and depression in elderly care (MIDDEL): Australian cohort of an international pragmatic cluster-randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. Healthy Longevity. 2022 Mar;3(3):e153-e165. doi: 10.1016/S2666-7568(22)00027-7
Gaden TS, Ghetti C, Kvestad I, Bieleninik Ł, Stordal AS, Assmus J et al. Short-term Music Therapy for Families With Preterm Infants: A Randomized Trial. Pediatrics (English Edition). 2022 Feb 1;149(2):e2021052797. doi: 10.1542/peds.2021-052797
Gaden TS, Ghetti C, Kvestad I, Gold C. The LongSTEP approach: Theoretical framework and intervention protocol for using parent-driven infant-directed singing as resource-oriented music therapy. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy. 2022;31(2):107-132. Epub 2021 Jul 26. doi: 10.1080/08098131.2021.1921014
Pedersen IN, Bonde LO, Hannibal NJ, Nielsen J, Aagaard J, Gold C et al. Music Therapy vs. Music Listening for Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: Randomized, Controlled, Assessor- and Patient-Blinded Trial. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2021 Dec 21;12:738810. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.738810
Yakobson D, Gold C, Beck BD, Elefant C, Bauer-Rusek S, Arnon S. Effects of Live Music Therapy on Autonomic Stability in Preterm Infants: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial. Children. 2021 Nov 22;8(11):1077. doi: 10.3390/children8111077
Gold C. Unclear conclusions on SARS-CoV-2 elimination versus mitigation. The Lancet. 2021 Oct 30;398(10311):1566. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02229-7
Gold C, Due FB, Thieu EK, Hjornevik K, Tuastad L, Assmus J. Long-Term Effects of Short-Term Music Therapy for Prison Inmates: Six-Year Follow-Up of a Randomized Controlled Trial. International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology. 2021 Apr 1;65(5):543-557. doi: 10.1177/0306624X20909216
Bieleninik Ł, Gold C. Estimating Components and Costs of Standard Care for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Europe from a Large International Sample. Brain Sciences. 2021 Mar 7;11(3):1-19. 340. doi: 10.3390/brainsci11030340
Erkkila J, Brabant O, Hartmann M, Mavrolampados A, Ala-Ruona E, Snape N et al. Music Therapy for Depression Enhanced With Listening Homework and Slow Paced Breathing: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Frontiers in Psychology. 2021 Feb 16;12:613821. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.613821
Ghetti CM, Vederhus BJ, Gaden TS, Brenner AK, Bieleninik Ł, Kvestad I et al. Longitudinal Study of Music Therapy's Effectiveness for Premature Infants and Their Caregivers (LongSTEP): Feasibility Study With a Norwegian Cohort. Journal of music therapy. 2021 Jan 15;58(2):201-240. doi: 10.1093/jmt/thaa023
Janus SIM, Vink AC, Ridder HM, Geretsegger M, Stige B, Gold C et al. Developing consensus description of group music therapy characteristics for persons with dementia. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy. 2020 Jun 26;30(1):24-40. doi: 10.1080/08098131.2020.1779790
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